Insulin

This article examines advancements in diabetes.

Implantable Insulin Pumps

Researchers have worked extensively to develop an implantable insulin pump. They have designed a pump that:

• Measures blood sugar levels.
• Provides the required amount of insulin at any given moment.
• Mimics the natural function of the pancreas.

Development of Implantable Capsules

Scientists have made significant progress in developing implantable capsules capable of continuously producing and delivering insulin into the bloodstream. These capsules contain insulin-producing cells (beta cells), which absorb nutrients from the body and use them to produce insulin indefinitely.

A biomedical engineer has been working on these capsules and recently presented his findings at the American Vacuum Society Congress. Previous research results from this scientist were published in November 2001.

Advantages of Implantable Capsules

Manufacturers of these capsules have overcome the issue of biological compatibility, which was a major challenge for other implantable devices. Using microchip technology, they developed a capsule that is undetectable and immune to attacks by the body’s immune system.

The next phase involves clinical trials for long-term use and determining the optimal insulin dosage. It may take several years before these capsules become widely available.

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Inhalable Insulin

Although insulin injections are still necessary, inhalable insulin is currently in clinical trials and under review by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for approval.

Key features of inhalable insulin:

• The device is about the size of a flashlight.
• The insulin is fast-acting, quickly entering the bloodstream and performing its function.

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Insulin Pills

With the discovery of new polymers, more effective types of insulin pills have been developed. These were introduced at a recent American Chemical Society conference.

The polymeric coating of these pills allows insulin to pass through the digestive system without degradation and enter the bloodstream. Currently, these pills are undergoing animal testing.

However, some experts question their effectiveness, given that insulin dosage requirements vary among patients.

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New Insulin Formulations

In recent years, new insulin formulations have been developed to simplify insulin regimens and improve glucose control for diabetic patients.

All insulin analogs are produced using recombinant DNA technology. The new insulin types include:

Glargine (Aventis)

• A long-acting basal insulin.
• Provides more continuous activity.
• Has a lower peak effect than NPH insulin.
• Can be used with rapid-acting insulins like Lispro or Aspart to maintain a stable basal insulin level.

Aspart (Novo Nordisk)

• A rapid-acting insulin.
• Can be injected 15 minutes before meals.
• Offers more flexibility in meal timing and portion size.

Lispro Mix 25/75 (Eli Lilly)

• The first mixed insulin analog.
• Contains rapid-acting Lispro and a new human insulin analog, NPL.
• Designed for patients who need better post-meal glucose control and use insulin pens.

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New Drug for Type 2 Diabetes

Australian scientists, in collaboration with the pharmaceutical company Diakine, have introduced a new drug called Lisofylline for treating Type 2 diabetes.

Researchers believe that Lisofylline, an anti-inflammatory drug, may be effective by preventing the production of ceramide, a byproduct of fat metabolism linked to insulin resistance.

• Lisofylline improves insulin function across various conditions.
• It has potential for treating obesity-related insulin resistance.

Currently, Lisofylline is in Phase 1 clinical trials, with no reported safety concerns in healthy individuals. It is also being tested for other medical conditions in Phase 2 trials.

Results suggest that Lisofylline may be used as an oral treatment for Type 2 diabetes.

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Blood Glucose Monitoring Devices

Painless Glucose Testing

The FDA has approved a new glucose monitoring system developed by Amira Medical, now available to consumers.

This system allows patients to:

• Measure blood sugar without the pain of finger pricking.
• Use an integrated lancet and glucose meter.
• Utilize a disposable test strip that draws blood from the upper arm or thigh, where there are fewer nerve endings, reducing pain.

Continuous Glucose Monitoring Device

The FDA has approved a wristwatch-like device for continuous glucose monitoring, providing additional data for diabetes management.

This device works alongside traditional glucose meters and has features such as:

• Extracting interstitial fluid via a mild electrical current.
• Measuring glucose levels in the fluid.
• Providing 12-hour monitoring.
• Performing glucose checks three times per hour.
• An alarm system that alerts the user if blood sugar levels drop to dangerous levels.

The device is available by prescription for individuals 18 years and older.

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Diabetes Detection Using Light

A team of specialists has developed a new method for diagnosing diabetes by:

• Shining light on the skin.
• Measuring advanced glycation end-products (AGEs).

These AGEs indicate damage caused by prolonged high blood sugar levels.

Advantages of Light-Based Diabetes Screening

• The test takes only one minute.
• Uses light with different wavelengths.
• Measures fluorescent light emitted by AGEs.

This method allows for early diabetes detection, even before symptoms appear. The Scout screening device shines different wavelengths of light on the forearm, triggering fluorescent emissions from proteins in the skin affected by AGEs.

By detecting diabetes at the prediabetic stage, lifestyle modifications and dietary changes can prevent or delay disease onset.

The cost of Scout testing is expected to be comparable to current blood sugar tests.

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Nano Breath Sensor for Type 1 Diabetes

Scientists have developed a breath sensor that can detect Type 1 diabetes.

Potential Applications:

• Emergency rooms.
• Unconscious patients.
• Diabetic ketoacidosis detection.
• At-home diabetes monitoring.

Professor Sotiris E. Pratsinis and his team in Zurich have developed:

• A nano-sensor highly sensitive to acetone.
• Gold-plated electrodes.
• A device that functions like an electrical resistor.

Since acetone levels in exhaled breath are unusually high in Type 1 diabetes, this sensor helps identify dangerous ketoacidosis.

When light is directed at the nanotubes, they emit a different wavelength detected by a diode, allowing measurement of blood sugar levels.

The wearable monitor is about the size of a watch and, depending on battery size, may become even smaller.

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Glucose Tattoo

In the future, diabetics may be able to monitor blood sugar levels just by looking at a tattoo.

This would be possible through:

• Injecting a fluorescent nanoparticle-based ink under the skin.
• The tattoo glowing in response to blood sugar levels.

This innovation could revolutionize non-invasive glucose monitoring for diabetics.

If you think that Pilates is only beneficial for muscle strengthening, you might need to reconsider. New research supports the role of resistance exercises in better blood sugar control. In this study:

The levels of insulin and glucose tolerance in overweight individuals at risk of developing type 2 diabetes were measured at two different time points:

Before starting the exercise program
After 4 months of resistance training, 3 days a week
The training program included 8 exercises designed to strengthen muscles throughout the body. Now, consider that a well-designed Pilates workout is certainly effective in strengthening the entire body, and its variety of movements is far greater than just eight exercises!

Background on Blood Sugar (Glucose) and Insulin
Whenever you eat food, your blood sugar rises (especially when consuming carbohydrates such as bread, cereals, rice, pasta, corn, potatoes, fruit, milk, and anything sweet).
When your blood sugar rises, your body releases insulin.
The released insulin directs blood sugar to your cells to either be stored as fat or burned for energy (the more you exercise, the more energy you burn). However, if your blood sugar remains high most of the time due to excessive carbohydrate consumption or a lack of physical activity and exercise, this process does not work efficiently.

High-carb diets or lack of exercise (leading to weight gain) = consistently high blood sugar = consistently high insulin levels

Your body’s cells become accustomed to high insulin levels and no longer allow sugar to enter your cells (this condition is called insulin resistance or prediabetes).

Study Results
This study found that resistance training lowers blood sugar levels and, consequently, insulin levels while improving the body’s response to insulin. In other words, Pilates helps in treating diabetes in multiple ways. As your body becomes more responsive to insulin, it no longer needs to produce as much insulin to achieve the same results, which is a significant advantage!

Did you know?
86 million people in the U.S. have prediabetes.

How Can These Findings Help Me?
When you practice Pilates, your body functions better in maintaining normal blood sugar and insulin levels. Pilates is also one of the best exercises for overweight individuals, those at risk of diabetes, and even those already diagnosed with diabetes. Beyond diabetes risk, high blood sugar can cause other damages to the body, including inflammation, wrinkles, kidney damage, and an increased risk of heart disease.

Learn More About Pilates
Pilates, pronounced as “Puh-lah-teez” in English, quickly became one of the most popular fitness programs in the U.S. You have probably heard about its benefits, but what exactly is Pilates?

Pilates is a form of exercise developed a century ago by a German named Joseph Pilates, and it takes its name from its creator. This workout system was designed to develop:

Strength
Flexibility
Muscular endurance
Coordination
Balance and proper posture

Pilates exercises are particularly beneficial for the core muscles, including:

Abdominal muscles
Oblique muscles
Lower back muscles
Inner and outer thigh muscles
Gluteal muscles

Benefits of Pilates
Since Pilates focuses on core muscles, it can help reduce belly fat. The more abdominal fat you have and the higher fat accumulation in your organs, the greater your risk of developing type 2 diabetes (also known as adult-onset diabetes). A strong core improves balance and posture, reducing stress and pressure on joints and muscles. This is one reason why Pilates is often recommended for back pain.

Did you know?
1 in 4 people with diabetes is unaware of their condition!

Types of Pilates Exercises
Pilates exercises are divided into two categories:

Mat-Based Exercises: These are performed on a mat and involve resistance bands, balls, blocks, and rings to enhance core balance and strength.
Equipment-Based Exercises: These involve machines such as the Cadillac and Reformer, both using adjustable spring and pulley systems for variable resistance.

For both categories, exercises are performed in sets and repetitions. While some movements require a specific number of repetitions, others involve continuous and fluid movement, similar to yoga. Mat-based Pilates exercises often include lying down, sitting, or sometimes kneeling positions, making them suitable for individuals who cannot stand for long periods or struggle with lifting heavy weights.

Moreover, Pilates exercises can be adapted to different levels of fitness and physical needs. This means that individuals of all sizes, shapes, and ages can practice Pilates. A skilled instructor can modify mat exercises to help you gradually build strength and stability as you progress in your Pilates journey.

Staying physically active is essential for managing and treating diabetes. However, maintaining consistency in your fitness goals can be challenging when following a repetitive and monotonous workout routine.

The Six Principles of Pilates
Pilates is based on six fundamental principles: Concentration, Control, Centering, Breathing, Flow, and Precision. These six principles are essential for achieving high-quality workouts while applying minimal stress on your joints. Unlike other forms of exercise that involve excessive movement, heavy lifting, and various equipment, Pilates focuses on slow and controlled movements that engage the core muscles.

Centering
Focus on your core area, between your lower ribs and pubic bone.

Concentration
Fully dedicate your attention to the exercise and commit to executing it correctly to maximize benefits.

Control
Every Pilates movement is designed to achieve complete muscle control.

Precision
Each movement in Pilates involves awareness, proper posture, and specific body positioning.

Breathing
Many Pilates exercises are synchronized with breathing, making proper breath control an integral part of the workout.

Flow
Pilates exercises are performed with fluid, graceful, and continuous movements. The energy of each movement connects the body as a whole.

Unlike many other training systems, Pilates prioritizes movement quality over quantity. Instead of performing numerous repetitions, Pilates emphasizes executing each exercise correctly, leading to noticeable benefits in the short term.

Conclusion
Remember, consistency is key to success in any fitness routine. In this study, participants exercised three days per week, making it an excellent starting point for a Pilates routine. Since muscles use glucose more efficiently than fat, having a more muscular body improves blood sugar regulation, regardless of whether you have type 1 or type 2 diabetes. Pilates is essentially a combination of bodyweight and resistance training, promoting overall health, diabetes management, and muscle development.

Caloric Burn in Pilates
Another benefit of Pilates is that the more muscle mass you have, the more calories you burn at rest, leading to greater weight loss. Before starting Pilates or any other exercise program, be sure to consult your doctor. If you plan to join a Pilates class, it is crucial to inform your instructor if you have diabetes. Some exercises, such as twisting and jumping, may not be suitable for individuals with high blood pressure, diabetic retinopathy, musculoskeletal issues, or other medical conditions.

 

Diabetes Treatment with Various Methods

Pararin Pars introduces you to various diabetes treatments, including herbal remedies and specific types of exercises.

Nine Herbs for Preventing and Treating Diabetes

1. Gymnema Sylvestre (Gymnema Sylvestre)
   The Indian name for this plant translates to “Sugar Destroyer,” and it is said to reduce the ability to taste sweetness. It is one of the most powerful plants for controlling blood sugar and treating diabetes through the following actions:

   • Enhancing the activity of enzymes that help cells
   • Stimulating insulin production
     Although extensive studies on side effects are lacking, it is believed to have no serious side effects.

2. Bitter Melon (Bitter Melon)
   Bitter melon helps cells utilize glucose effectively, which aids in treating diabetes, and blocks sugar absorption in the intestines. A study with Filipino participants who consumed bitter melon capsules for three months showed:

   • Their blood sugar levels decreased slightly but consistently compared to those who took a placebo, though digestive issues were reported as possible side effects.

3. Prickly Pear Cactus
   The prickly pear cactus helps:

   • Lower blood sugar levels
   • Prevent diabetes
     You may find this fruit at fruit stores, or its juice and powder are available at health food stores. The cactus contains compounds similar to insulin, helping lower blood sugar levels and is rich in fiber, making it beneficial for those on a weight-loss diet.

4. Blueberry
   Blueberries contain strong antioxidants in both the fruit and its leaves. These antioxidants, known as anthocyanidins, appear to prevent damage to small blood vessels, which could lead to:

   • Nerve pain
   • Retinopathy (damage to the retina of the eye)
     Studies on animals show that blueberries can:
   • Reduce blood sugar
   • Be effective in diabetes treatment

5. Ginseng
   Ginseng is a Chinese herb known for:

   • Strengthening the immune system
   • Fighting diseases
     It has shown positive effects in diabetes and blood sugar reduction by:
   • Slowing carbohydrate absorption
   • Enhancing cells’ ability to utilize glucose
   • Increasing insulin secretion from the pancreas
     Ginseng lowers blood glucose by 15-20% compared to placebo pills. It works similarly to diabetic medications.

6. Fenugreek Seeds
   Fenugreek seeds, used in Indian cooking, help:

   • Reduce blood sugar
   • Increase insulin sensitivity
   • Lower high cholesterol
     This effect is partly due to their high fiber content and an amino acid believed to increase insulin secretion. A major study of 60 participants consuming 25 grams of fenugreek seeds daily showed significant improvement in blood sugar control post-meal.

7. Chamomile and Chamomile Tea
   Chamomile and chamomile tea can reduce blood sugar, thereby preventing the progression of type 2 diabetes and some complications related to high blood sugar. Drinking this tea with or shortly after meals can help control your blood sugar levels.

8. Tulsi Tea (Holy Basil)
   Tulsi, a particular type of basil used in Western cooking, has powerful medicinal properties. It is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and other conditions. Like chamomile, it can lower blood sugar and offers benefits such as:

   • Reducing stress and anxiety
   • Protecting the body from stress-induced damage

9. Cinnamon
   Cinnamon is a popular spice that has shown notable evidence in reducing blood sugar. If you’re at risk of or diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, or simply want to stabilize your blood sugar to avoid mood swings associated with blood sugar fluctuations, adding cinnamon to your meals can be beneficial.
   You can also add cinnamon sticks or powder to herbal teas, ensuring it’s pure cinnamon with no added sugar.

Six Effective Exercises for Diabetes Treatment

Are you exercising enough? The answer is probably no, especially if you have diabetes.
Only 39% of people with type 2 diabetes engage in regular physical activity, compared to 58% of others. This is unfortunate because, according to Dr. Sherry Kolberg-Ax, a retired professor of sports science at Old Dominion University in Norfolk, Virginia, staying active can increase:

• Insulin function
• Blood sugar control
  Exercise also helps with weight loss and balance, which is crucial as many type 2 diabetes patients are at risk of obesity.

Exercise Recommendations:

1. Walking
   Walking is easy for everyone. All you need are good shoes and a walking place. It is probably the most recommended activity for people with type 2 diabetes. Fast-paced walking, raising the heart rate, is an aerobic exercise.
   Studies show that:

   • Aerobic activities, 3 days a week for 150 minutes, positively impact diabetes treatment.

2. Tai Chi
   Tai Chi, a series of slow movements performed over 30 minutes, has been practiced for centuries. Dr. Kolberg-Ax recommends Tai Chi as an excellent option for type 2 diabetes due to:

   • Improved fitness
   • Reduced stress
   • Enhanced balance

3. Weightlifting
   “No matter how much I talk about the benefits of weightlifting, it’s not enough—not only for people with diabetes but for everyone.” Weightlifting builds muscle, which is important for people with type 2 diabetes.
   If you lose muscle mass, blood sugar control becomes harder, so it is crucial to include weightlifting at least twice a week, or better yet, three times a week.

4. Yoga
   Yoga can help in several ways:

   • Reducing lower body fat
   • Combatting insulin resistance
   • Improving nerve function
     Yoga also serves as a significant stress reliever, which aids in diabetes treatment by lowering blood sugar.

5. Swimming
   Swimming is a great aerobic exercise for people with type 2 diabetes as it doesn’t strain the joints.
   “Floating in water reduces stress,” and it is easier than other exercises like walking or running. People with diabetes should avoid injuries to the feet, such as minor cuts or blisters, which heal slowly and are prone to infection.

6. Stationary Cycling
   Cycling is an excellent cardiovascular exercise that strengthens the heart and improves lung function, ideal for people with diabetes as it can be done indoors. It also:

   • Increases blood flow to the legs
   • Burns calories to maintain an ideal weight

These exercises, along with herbal treatments, can help not only in diabetes management but also for those on a weight-loss or diet plan.

Combination Medications for Type 2 Diabetes

Some medications have dual effects, which is a significant advantage. People with type 2 diabetes often need multiple medications, so combining them may be more effective.
However, the potential issue with combination drugs is the difficulty of adjusting their doses.

Examples of Combination Drugs for Type 2 Diabetes:

• Metformin and Glipizide (Metaglip)
• Rosiglitazone and Glimepiride (Avandaryl)
• Pioglitazone and Metformin (ACTOplus Met)
• Metformin and Glyburide (Glucovance)
• Rosiglitazone and Metformin (Avandamet)
• Pioglitazone and Glimepiride (Duetact)

10 Foods for Diabetes Treatment

Certain foods help control diabetes so well that some diabetic patients can maintain normal blood sugar levels without medication. Although there are debates about whether diet can cure diabetes, people with diabetes can manage their blood sugar levels through healthy foods and lifestyle changes.

Research has shown that some people with type 2 diabetes can:
Control their blood sugar levels through diet and exercise.