Evaluation of Zinc Levels in Serum of Women with a History of Recurrent Spontaneous Abortions

This article examines the zinc levels in the serum of women with a history of recurrent spontaneous abortions. Spontaneous abortion refers to the loss of pregnancy during the first 20 weeks of gestation, occurring naturally without medical intervention. This type of abortion generally happens in the early weeks of pregnancy, before the 20th week, and is typically caused by genetic issues, improper fetal development, structural problems in the uterus, hormonal imbalances, or immune system disorders. It generally occurs in approximately 1 in 300 pregnancies before the 20th week.

Research on Zinc Levels in Pregnant Women

Scientific studies have shown that the serum zinc levels in women with a history of recurrent miscarriage may be lower than in healthy women. This reduction in zinc levels can lead to increased anxiety and depression, which in turn might reduce the body’s absorption of zinc.

Factors Contributing to Recurrent Miscarriage

• Pregnancy age
• Genetic factors
• Anatomical issues of the uterus
• Endocrine hormones
• Presence of infections
• Alcohol and tobacco use
• Suspended lead particles in polluted air
• Ionizing radiation from harmful rays
• Immunological factors

Importance of Micronutrients During Pregnancy

One of the most critical micronutrients that can directly affect fetal growth and cellular development is zinc. Zinc is essential for the body, and its deficiency can cause significant harm. Zinc plays a crucial role in cellular division, muscle growth, thyroid hormone function, blood clotting, and wound healing. Children require zinc for normal growth, puberty, and the development of sexual organs.

Deficiency in zinc can lead to menstrual irregularities in women, and since zinc is necessary for testosterone production, its low levels may result in decreased sperm count and sexual dysfunction. Zinc deficiency may also directly impact fetal development.

During pregnancy, zinc is essential for brain development, and its need increases during the third trimester, although plasma zinc levels tend to decrease.

Effects of Zinc Deficiency During Pregnancy

Zinc deficiency during pregnancy can lead to extended gestation, restricted fetal growth, and fetal death. Zinc is crucial for immune cell activity, including humoral and cellular immunity, macrophages, and neutrophils. A deficiency in zinc can disrupt immune functions and contribute to miscarriage. Furthermore, it may affect fetal growth and development.

Zinc’s Role in Maternal Immune Function

Adequate immune cell function during pregnancy is essential for regulatory mechanisms that preserve the fetus. Studies indicate that women with recurrent miscarriages often suffer from immune system regulation issues, possibly due to a lack of necessary nutrients like zinc. Zinc supplementation has been shown to enhance the immune response, including increasing T cells and antibody production after vaccination. A deficiency in zinc can reduce immune responses, affecting pregnancy outcomes.

Zinc and Fetal Health

Zinc plays a crucial role in the proper development of the fetus, including protection from oxidative stress. Zinc helps protect the fetus and placenta from damage and is involved in more than 200 enzymatic processes in the body, including protein, carbohydrate, fat, and nucleic acid metabolism. One such enzyme, superoxide dismutase, provides antioxidant protection to the fetus.

Zinc Deficiency and Health Risks

• Fetal Growth: Zinc deficiency during pregnancy can result in reduced fetal weight and the underdevelopment of body parts.
• Preterm Birth: Adequate zinc intake can reduce the risk of premature birth.
• Maternal Health: Zinc deficiency can increase the risk of breast infections and reduce immune function in mothers.
• Psychological Health: Zinc deficiency in pregnancy is associated with depression and other psychological issues.
• Future Physical and Mental Health of the Child: Zinc deficiency can lead to developmental issues in the child, both physically and mentally.

Research Findings

In developing countries, zinc deficiency is prevalent among pregnant women, with lower serum zinc levels compared to normal levels. Although some studies have examined the relationship between zinc deficiency and preeclampsia, few have focused on zinc levels in women with recurrent spontaneous abortions. Animal studies have shown a connection between low serum zinc and miscarriage in cows. A human study also observed low serum zinc levels in women with recurrent miscarriage.

Lab Tests for Zinc Levels

To assess zinc levels in the serum of women with a history of recurrent miscarriage, a serum zinc test is required. Blood samples are taken, and the zinc concentration is measured. However, these results are specific to the individual, and further studies are needed to determine the exact cause of recurrent miscarriage. Other potential causes, such as uterine abnormalities, hormonal imbalances, or immune system dysfunction, should also be considered.

Zinc Supplements

Effervescent zinc tablets are commonly used as dietary supplements to enhance zinc absorption. However, zinc supplementation during pregnancy should be done cautiously. While zinc is essential for both maternal and fetal health, excessive intake can be harmful.

Zinc-Rich Foods

• Red Meat: A significant source of zinc.
• Fish: Salmon, trout, tuna, and other fish contain zinc.
• Poultry: Chicken is also a good source.
• Legumes: Chickpeas, beans, lentils, and peas contain zinc.
• Cereals: Oats, wheat, corn, and rice are zinc-rich.
• Vegetables: Spinach, kale, and other greens have zinc.
• Dried Fruits: Dates, apricots, cherries, and almonds contain zinc.

Conclusion

Zinc deficiency may play a significant role in the mechanisms of recurrent miscarriage by disrupting normal placental and fetal functions or indirectly affecting immune system regulation. Further research is required to confirm these findings and explore how zinc supplementation may aid in preventing recurrent miscarriages. Women with a history of recurrent miscarriage or those planning to conceive should monitor their zinc levels and consult with a healthcare provider to ensure they maintain appropriate zinc levels throughout pregnancy.